Compare and Contrast Essay Sample on Cultural Diversity

Thoroughly analyze Essay Sample on Cultural Diversity The conventional custom of female circumcision, otherwise called female genital mutilation (FGM) endures fundamentally in Africa yet has events in any event 28 nations (Morris, 1996, pg. 43). FGM is an aggregate term that portrays a few distinctive customary, not strict, ceremonies. It has been evaluated that between 100 million and 140 million babies, little children, youngsters and juvenile females have experienced a FGM technique and that between 4-5 million of these methods are performed yearly (Althaus, 1997, pg.1). FGM is regularly performed between the ages of 4-10 years and is performed by the town doctor (Althaus, 1997, pg. 2). Normally the technique utilizes an assortment of instruments, for example, blades, broken glass, and natural product thistles (Morris, 1996, pg. 45). As indicated by Rita Morris, PhD, the methods are characterized by the seriousness of auxiliary distortion. Type I, regularly known as clitorectomy, includes expulsion of the skin encompassing the clitoris, and could possibly incorporate evacuation of the clitoris. Type II, or extraction, is the evacuation of the clitoris and part of the entirety of the labia minora. The extractions are stitched with catgut or natural product thistles. Type III, infibulation, is the most serious type of FGM. In infibulation, the whole clitoris and labia minora are evacuated and the labia majora are sewn together, leaving just an enormous enough opening in the vagina for pee and feminine cycle. There are numerous physical and psychosocial repercussions related with a wide range of FGM. FGM has been performed on people from numerous societies; notwithstanding, the strategy isn't taught or required by a particular confidence or religion (JAMA, 1995, pg. 1714). It has been assessed that roughly 98% of every single Somalian lady, 94% of Mali ladies, and 82% of Sudanese ladies have experienced FGM (JAMA, 1995, pg. 1714). The way of life that maintain these traditions do as such to: maintain bunch character, keep up neatness and wellbeing, safeguard virginity and family respect, and to encourage marriage objectives (Morris, 1996, pg. 47). In the event that a lady isn't circumcised, she is viewed as â€Å"unmarriable†. In certain social orders, uncircumcised ladies are viewed as messy and are not permitted to deal with food or water (Morris, 1996, pg. 47). Others accept that the clitoris is risky and that if during labor, the baby’s head contacts the clitoris, the child will bite the dust (Morris, 1996, pg. 47). Those ladies that have not experienced the met hod are evaded by the way of life and are viewed as hazardous (Morris, 1996, pg.47). The discussion over medicalization of FGM is generally later. In 1996, the Congress of the United States established enactment to condemn the exhibition of FGM by professionals on females more youthful than 18 years old and to create instructive projects about the destructive results of FGM (Althaus, 1997, pg. 2). The World Health Organization (WHO) thinks about that â€Å"the medicalization of the technique doesn't wipe out mischief and is unseemly for two significant reasons: genital mutilation runs against fundamental morals of human services whereby superfluous substantial mutilation can't be excused: and, it’s medicalization appears to legitimize the hurtful practice† (JAMA, 1995. pg. 1715). In1997, the WHO, the United Nations Children’s Fund, and the United Nations Population Fund gave an announcement noticing that FGM is a profoundly established social practice; culture is a unique state and is fit for change (Althaus, 1997, pg. 4). Much work is being done in the region of instruction and social affectability. In spite of the fact that the Western clinical network accepts that refusal to perform FGM may mirror an ethnocentric perspective, insurance of physical and psychological wellness ought to be of most extreme concern (Althaus, 1997. pg. 48). Different ways to deal with instruction can be actualized: network training, elective customs, and care groups ought to be accessible. After evaluating the writing refered to over, this analyst accepts that this will be a predominant issue in her training. Since Minnesota has a lot of Somalian families, these issues should be tended to and in different settings and conditions. This debate may exist on an OB/GYN floor, a women’s unit, in labor and conveyance, in an OR setting; in provincial settings or in huge urban communities. Since western medication laws have been sanctioned, our act of this technique is extremely constrained for those of differing societies. It is a wrongdoing to play out these methodology on females younger than 18 years and enactment doesn't control which kinds of FGM are accessible. It has been condemned in light of the fact that the strategies have been seen as a human rights infringement and on the grounds that the methodology are uncouth (Morris, 1996. pg. 46), be that as it may, the United States has a developing number of elective corrective medical procedures every year, includin g labial decreases and genital recreations. In spite of the fact that these elective medical procedures are lawful, certain laws could be composed to reduce the seriousness of FGM, yet still permit the way of life to communicate. It is this researcher’s see that Western medication permits our kin to settle on a decision, however in the African culture, this strategy is anything but a decision. The systems are serious in careful nature and are acted in unsterile conditions, utilizing messy strategies (Althaus, 1997, pg. 3). Our way of life knows about the affectability expected to guarantee great quality and legitimate social insurance. This scientist accepts that to ensure the best human services understanding, the customer must have the option to settle on their own choices, in this way grown-ups ought to be permitted to settle on choices for themselves, in view of appropriate educating, information base, clinical practice, and guiding.

X-ray crystallography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

X-beam crystallography - Research Paper Example With this diffraction, it I simple to infer the three-dimensional diagram or picture projection of the thickness of electrons as profiled in the gem. The precious stone makes a stage for building up an example for mean places of the iotas in the gem. One can likewise figure out how to decide the synthetic obligations of the structure, say carbon in jewel gems and the shifting issue of a portion of the crystalline structures. Carbon is normal in precious stone arrangement. X-beam crystallography has been applied in numerous logical fields because of the nearness of precious stones of numerous concoction mixes and components. An unadulterated crystalline structure is that of table salt, experimentally known as sodium chloride and spoke to by the compound recipe NaCl. Crystalline structures that have been concentrated by X-beam crystallography are many. Some of them are calcium fluoride (CaF2), calcite (CaCO3) and pyrite (FeS2). Others are spinel (MgAl2O4) and brucite (MgO4) among others. The incorporation of X-beams in examining crystalline structures empowered further comprehension of these mixes in a way that had never been utilized and considered arrangement of progressively complex mixes through substance responses brought about by association of crystalline structures. X-beam crystallography can be utilized to distinguish and find abnormal electronic properties of a material by considering their electron positions and portability. It is additionally a device for taking note of flexible properties of a material considering the substance communications that happen inside the gem and the related procedures. With these properties, X-beam crystallography is utilized in the plan and production of pharmaceuticals. Their application includes consolidating components and adjusting their crystalline structures to guarantee that they bond as required (Clegg, 1988). Other than X-beam crystallography, there are different strategies related with deciding nuclear structures (Rhodes, 2006). Be that as it may, they all depend on the rule of diffraction. These

The War In Vietnam Essays - Vietnam War, , Term Papers

The War in Vietnam The Vietnam War, the country's longest, cost fifty-8,000 American lives. Just the Civil War and the two universal wars were deadlier for Americans. During the time of direct U.S. military cooperation in Vietnam starting in 1964, the U.S Treasury spent over $140 billion on the war, enough cash to finance urban reestablishment extends in each significant American city. Regardless of these gigantic expenses and their going with open and private injury for the American individuals, the United States fizzled, without precedent for its history, to accomplish its expressed war points. The objective was to safeguard a different, free, noncommunist government in South Vietnam, however after April 1975, the socialist Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) managed the whole country. The underlying explanations behind U.S. association in Vietnam appeared to be coherent and convincing to American pioneers. Following its accomplishment in World War II, the United States confronted the future with a feeling of good integrity and material certainty. From Washington's point of view, the primary risk to U.S. security and world harmony was solid, domineering socialism exuding from he Soviet Union. Any socialist anyplace, at home or abroad, was, by definition, and foe of the United States. Drawing a similarity with the fruitless pacification of fundamentalist tyrants before World War II, the Truman organization accepted that any indication of socialist hostility must be met rapidly and powerfully by the United States and its partners. This receptive strategy was known as regulation. In Vietnam the objective of regulation was Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh front he had made in 1941. Ho and his main lieutenants were socialists with long-standing associations with the Soviet Union. They were likewise impassioned Vietnamese patriots who battled first to free their nation of the Japanese and afterward, after 1945, to keep France from restoring its previous frontier authority over Vietnam and the remainder of Indochina. Harry S. Truman and other American pioneers, having no compassion toward French expansionism, supported Vietnamese autonomy. Yet, extending socialist control of Eastern Europe and the triumph of the socialists in China's respectful was caused France's war against Ho to appear to be an anticommunist as opposed to a colonialist exertion. At the point when France consented to a quansi-autonomous Vietnam under Emperor Bao Dai as an option in contrast to Ho's DRV, the United States chose to help the French position. The American origination of Vietnam as a virus war battleground to a great extent overlooked the battle for social equity and national power happening inside the nation. American consideration concentrated fundamentally on Europe and on Asia past Vietnam. Help to France in Indochina was a compensation for French participation with America's arrangements for the resistance of Europe through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. After China turned into a socialist state in 1949, the dependability of Japan happened to principal significance to Washington, and Japanese advancement expected access to the business sectors and crude materials of Southeast Asia. The episode of war in Korea in 1950 served principally to affirm Washington's conviction that socialist hostility represented an extraordinary risk to Asia . Ensuing charges that Truman had lost China and had made due with an impasse in Korea made succeeding presidents dread the residential political results on the off chance that they lost Vietnam. This dread, an overestimation of American force, and an underestimation of Vietnamese socialist quality bolted all organizations from 1950 through the 1960s into a firm anticommunist remain in Vietnam. Since American arrangement creators neglected to value the measure of exertion that would be required to apply impact on Vietnam's political and social structure, the course of American strategy prompted a consistent heightening of U.S. contribution. President Dwight D. Eisenhower expanded the degree of associate to the French however kept on keeping away from military mediation, in any event, when the French encountered a staggering destruction at Dien Bien Phu in the spring of 1954. Following that fight, a universal meeting at Geneva, Switzerland, orchestrated a truce and accommodated a North-South parcel of Vietnam until decisions could be held. The United States was not involved with the Geneva Agreements and started to cultivate the production of a Vietnamese system in South Vietnam's imperious president Ngo Dinh Diem, who ousted Bao Dai in October 1955, opposed holding a political race on the reunification of Vietnam. Regardless of over $1 billion of U.S. help

LSAT Tutor Types of Logic Games

As an LSAT tutor, I know that the Logic Games section of the LSAT test is the most intimidating for many students. Officially called Analytical Reasoning, this section consists of four different â€Å"games† that give you a set of rules and ask questions based on them. With 35 minutes to complete the section, the timing breaks down to 8.75 minutes per game. There are 22-24 questions on this section of the LSAT test. I’ve previously written posts on The Logic Games Section as Mental Sport and How to Increase Your Speed on the Logic Games. This post will break down the different types of games you might encounter on the LSAT test. One of the most important parts of preparing for the LSAT test is knowing what to expect. This will allow you to stay calm (as much as possible) on test day and not let anything take you by surprise. For the logic games, this means knowing what types of games you might see. Here are the most common: 1) Sequencing or Ordering Logic Games These are the most common games. They involve ordering people by how they finished in a race (Mary finished before Jimmy, but after Tom; Alex finished before the third place person, but not first; etc.), height, age, or any other sequence. 2) Grouping Logic Games Grouping games on the LSAT test are exactly what they sound like: they ask you to determine which groups items are in. This could mean determining which teachers are at which schools, which performers performed at which venue, etc. Sometimes there are several attributes being grouped. For example, you could have a problem that talks about at music store and says that it carries records and cds in different genres: jazz, opera, rap, pop, and country, some of which are on sale and some of which are not. You would have to determine which are the records on sale, records not on sale, cds on sale, and cds not on sale. 3) Matching Logic Games Matching games on the LSAT test are similar to grouping games, except in this case each person or thing has only one match. For example, it could say that there are five people, each of whom has a different vacation spot, and you need to determine who likes to vacation where. 4) Combination or Hybrid Logic Games Last but certainly not least, you can have combination games on the LSAT test. Sometimes you need to match and sequence, for example. These are often the most challenging games. Once you know the types of games you might see, it is important to develop strategies for each. Have a system for how you are going to set up a sequence game, a grouping game, etc. If there is one type of game that is particularly hard for you, develop a strategy as to whether or not to do that last or first. Remember, you do not have to do the games in order. Last but not least, stay calm and keep moving! ;

Imprisonment of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper

Imprisonment of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper When asked the question of why she chose to write The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman claimed that experiences in her own life dealing with a nervous condition, then termed melancholia, had prompted her to write the short story as a means to try and save other people from a similar fate. Although she may have suffered from a similar condition to the narrator of her illuminating short story, Gilmans story cannot be coined merely a tale of insanity. Insanity is the vehicle for Gilmans larger comment on the atrocities of social conformity. The main character of The Yellow Wallpaper comes to recognize the inhumanity in societys treatment of women, and in her†¦show more content†¦The home as a place of comfort does not exist for the narrator; companionship with her husband is lost. Her only real conversations occur on paper, as no one else speaks to her of anything other than her condition. She is stripped of her role as a wife, robbed of her role as a mother, and is r educed to an object of her husbands. John has placed his wife in a prison. The disturbing stained and yellowed wallpaper is used, faded and repulsive. The color is one that is unwelcoming, uncomfortable, and uneasy; its color mirrors the narrators relationship with her husband, and ultimately, with herself. The narrator is uncomfortable and anxious in the barred sulfur colored room where she is fussed over by her husband. John preens his wife, his possession, making the narrator draw further and further away from him. She realizes that her husband lacks the understanding that she craves. This is emphasized as John refuses to accept his wifes condition; John does not know how much I really suffer. He knows there is no reason to suffer, and that satisfies him (248). As the narrator begins to recognize herself as her husbands caged belonging, she becomes more attached to the symbol of the wallpaper. 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She states that since patriarchy’s biological foundation appear to be so very insecure, one has some cause to admire the strength of socialization which grows the expectation in culture that the gender identity should encourage the young male to develop aggressive impulses and the female to thwart her own or turn them inward. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† John’s use of soft words, polite thrashing, yet the patriarchal dictator

The Interest Of The Germans Essay - 1389 Words

The Interest of the Germans World War II was a difficult time in human history. A country rise up to power and took radical actions to achieve their goal and create a world that they find ideal. Some Germans were force to leave Germany for being Jewish, and others for multiple reasons. As a result, these Germans made Latin America as their safe haven away from what used to be their home. The United States eventually had got in the involvement of the war and a main concerned they had were these Germans who live in Latin America. The chief interest for the lives of these Jewish, non-Jewish Germans, was only important to their own benefit, or to secure their safety in the war. The United States government created a â€Å"Black List†. A lost that had Germans in Latin America, that were possibly to pose a threat. They would receive this information by Informers that provide privilege information to the U.s government. The United States believed that some of these Germans moved to Latin America could have been working under the Nazi party. In COMMUNAZIS by ALEXANDER STEPHAN, explained how the United States took certain Actions to get what they needed from the Latin American countries. â€Å"United States, Hoover assigned the several hundred agents of the special Intelligence Service (SIS) founded in 1940 especially to monitor Latin America, to watch out for German spies and any army intelligence†( STEPHAN, pg,9). As well, In â€Å"Nazis GOOD Neighbors by Max Paul Friedman, Went intoShow MoreRelatedNokia: Business Interests vs German Pressures1807 Words   |  8 PagesNokia: Business Interests vs German Pressures Nokia is the largest mobile handset maker in the world with a 40% market share. The mobile handset industry is marked by declining prices and depressed margins making companies look at low-cost production options. 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The US entered the war partially to restore Global Peace and also to vanquish the German Empire, which had antagonized the US by seeking to form a hostile military alliance with Mexico to the detriment of American national interests (Doyle 1160). Continental Europe and the Middle East

Music of Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Periods Example For Students

Music of Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Periods Cantus Firmus also known as fixed song or a pre-existing melody which forms the basis of polyphonic composition. Melismatic is the singing of one syllable of text while moving between several different notes in succession. Monophony music consisting of a single melodic line without chordal accompaniment; It is the oldest type of music. Neume symbols representing one to four notes used as notation during the Medieval Period. Polyphony music consisting of several (two or more) melodic lines, each having individual significance and independence. Sacred Music music that was specifically written for use in religious services. Secular Music music that was composed for purposes rather than religious. Syllabic each syllable of text is matched with one note. Through-composed songs in which there is new music to each stanza; the opposite of strophic. Tonality system where the musical piece is based on a key center. Three Periods of Western Music History Medieval Era, Renaissance Period and Baroque Period. Gregorian Chant type of music from the Medieval Era which was mainly used in the Early Christian Church. Imitative Polyphony is the distinctive characteristic of Renaissance Music. Baroque Period is characterized by grand and elaborate ornamentation of sculptures, theaters, arts and music. Music Genres which flourished during the Baroque Period the Concerto, the Fugue, the Chorale and the Oratorio Music of the Medieval Period (700 1400) is also known as Middle Ages or Dark Ages that started with the fall of Roman Empire. secular music which was not bound by Catholic traditions emerged. Monophonic Plainchant was named after Pope Gregory I, who made this the approved music of the Catholic Church. Characteristics of Gregorian Chant Monophonic Free meter Modal Usually based on Latin liturgy Use of Neume notation Troubadours secular music which was not bound by Catholic traditions emerged. most of these songs were performed across Europe by these groups of musicians. Troubadour Music Usually monophonic Sometimes with improvised instruments Tells of chivalry and courtly love Originated in France Written in the French Language Composer of the Medieval Period Adam de la Halle Adam de la Halle, France, 1237-1288 -was also known as Adam le Bossu (Adam the Hunchback) -one of the oldest secular composers whose literary and musical works include chansons and poetic debates. jeux partis poetic debates Jeu de Robin et de Marion a musical play that was considered the earliest surviving secular French play with music. Adam de la Halles works Jeu de Robin et de Marion La Chanson du roi de Sicile Music of Renaissance (1400 1600) comes from the word renaitre. the period of looking back to the golden age of Greece and Rome. renaitre rebirth, revival and rediscovery. Characteristics of Renaissance Music Mostly polyphonic Imitation among the voices is common Use of word painting in texts and music Melodic lines move in flowing manner Melodies are easier to perform Vocal Music of the Renaissance Period Mass Madrigal Mass is a form of sacred musical composition that sets text of the Eucharistic liturgy into music. Characteristics of a mass -Polyphonic -May be sung in a cappella or with orchestral accompaniment -Text may be syllabic, neume or melismatic. syllabic one note set to each syllable. neumatic a few notes set to one syllable. melismatic many notes to one syllable. Five main sections of Mass Kyrie Lord Have Mercy Gloria Glory to God in the Highest Credo Apostles Creed and Niceans Creed Sanctus and Benedictus Holy, Holy and Blessed is He Agnus Dei The Lamb of God Kyrie Lord Have Mercy Gloria Glory to God in the Highest Credo Apostles Creed and Niceans Creed Sanctus and Benedictus Holy, Holy and Blessed is He Agnus Dei The Lamb of God Madrigal a secular vocal polyphonic music composition which originated from Italy. Characteristics of Madrigal Polyphonic Sung a cappella Through-composed Frequently in 3 to 6 voices Composers of the Renaissance Period Giovanni PierLuigi da Palestrina Thomas Morley Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Rome, 1525-1594 is said to be the greatest master of the Roman Catholic music during the Renaissance Period. -Masses (first book) Thomas Morley, England, 1557-1602 -Morley, the son of the brewer was born in Norwich, East England. -was the most famous composer of secular music in his time. -His Musica Transalpina, a collection of Italian madrigals fitted with English text, was published in 1588 by Nicholas Yonge. Thomas Morleys Works Fire, Fire, My Heart Sing and Chant it Fantasie April is in my mistress face It was a lover and his lass Music of the Baroque Period (1685-1750) During this time, the arts highlighted grandiose and elaborate ornamentation. Baroque is derived from the word barroco which means pearl of irregular shape. Composers of Baroque Period George Friedrich Handel Johann Sebastian Bach Claudio Monteverdi Antonio Vivaldi Characteristics of Baroque Music Melodies sound elaborate and ornamental melodies are not easy to sing or remember primarily contrapuntal textures with some homophony Dynamic contrast alteration between loud and soft Music Genres operas, oratorios, suites, tocattas, concerto grosso, fugue Orchestra consists of strings and continuo Hapsichord and organ are the keyboard instruments that are commonly used New Forms : binary AB, ternary ABC, ground bass and fugue Dynamic contrast alteration between loud and soft Music Genres of Baroque Music peras, oratorios, suites, tocattas, concerto grosso, fugue Hapsichord and organ are the keyboard instruments that are commonly used in Baroque music. New Forms of Baroque Music binary AB ternary ABC ground bass fugue Music genres of Baroque Music Concerto Concerto Grossso Concerto a form of orchestral music that employs a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra. Concerto Grosso a form of orchestral music during Baroque Music Period wherein the music is between small group of solo instruments called concertino and the whole orchestra called tutti. concertino small group of solo instruments tutti whole orchestra Johann Sebastian Bach Germany, March 21 1685 July 28, 1750 came from a family of musicians Eisanach town of musicians where they lived. started playing violin at 7 Johann Sebastian Bachs works Concerto Grosso Brandenburg Concertos (concerto grosso) Masses Mass in B minor Cantatas Cantata 208 and 211 Fugues Fugue in G minor Tocatta and Fugue in D minor Works for clavichord and hapsichord Well Tempered Clavier ( one of his more well-known keyboard improvisations) Antonio Vivaldi -Vienna, March 4, 1678 July 28, 1741 -nicknamed il Prete Rosso (The Red Priest) because of his red hair -Italian -composed Four Seasons (Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter) George Friedrich Handel Germanym February 23, 1685 London, April 14, 1759 was the second son from the second marriage of a pastor. taught himself how to play hapsichord Englands favorite composer George Friedrich Handels works Messiah Samson Messiah -written by Handel within 24 days in London and performed it in Dublin -most famous work of Handel which has the chorus Hallelujah

What the Bleep Do We Know an Example by

What the Bleep Do We Know? To laymen like most of us, interesting is not the first word that will usually come to mind when we hear the term quantum physics. Most would think this field to be something which science nerds would only be able to appreciate and thats why it was a pleasant surprise that the movie What the Bleep Do We Know? (Arntz, Chasse, & Vicente, 2004) turned out to be absorbing to watch because it provides a fascinating take on the topic of quantum physics. Need essay sample on "What the Bleep Do We Know?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The movie provides a striking contrast between quantum and classical physics. The physics that we know and are able to observe is classical physics, that which governs macroscopic matter. At the atomic and subatomic levels however, matter appears not to follow the same set of physical laws that we can directly observe, and so quantum physics as a field was developed to study the behavior of matter, as well as energy, at this level. Our notion of matter is that it is something solid and having a definite position. But coming from a microscopic viewpoint, we can look at matter as being made up mostly of empty space since atoms are not actually tiny hard spheres but are rather made up mostly of electron probability clouds. Considering this and the fact that similar charges repel each other, then it is plausible to think that objects that interact do not actually touch each other at all, since the electron clouds of one object would repel the others electron clouds as they approach one another (Arntz, Chasse, & Vicente, 2004). Another theory of quantum physics is that matter can behave both as particles and waves. As waves, they may be found in several probable locations, but as particles they become solid objects confined to a definite location. This leads to the idea of quantum superposition, i.e. that objects can exist in several states simultaneously, and they only snap into a definite position once we observe them (Arntz, Chasse, & Vicente, 2004). This therefore, can alter our perception of reality. If we think of reality as being composed of the tangible objects that surround us, and if these objects do exist in quantum superposition, then we can think of reality as being made of several possibilities that are all available to us, and as observers, we get to determine the reality that we see and experience (Arntz, Chasse, & Vicente, 2004). Such an idea is really fascinating in a philosophical viewpoint. However, I think the movies message should also be taken with a grain of salt, since much of the ideas it presented may still be considered as purely hypothetical at present. Nevertheless, I found the movie worthwhile to watch and would still recommend it because it raises all these interesting philosophical questions on the nature of reality and whether we actually have any influence over it. References: Arntz, W., Chasse, B., & Vicente, M. (Producers & Directors). (2004). What the Bleep Do We Know? [Motion Picture]. USA: Lord of the Wind.

The World Is Full Of Lies Essays - Deception, Lie, Food Lion

The World Is Full Of Lies Essays - Deception, Lie, Food Lion The World Is Full Of Lies The world is full of lies. In fact, we experience them on an everyday basis. In every film we watch we are fooled into believing that the pictures on the screen are moving, but in actuallity they are just still shots placed together at 24 frames per second. Television and the media (news) seem to be the biggest carries of the lying virus. ABC was one of the unlucky few to have been caught. Their name was dragged through the mudd along with Food Lion, in a case which poses many ethical questions. Because of commercial advertisements, television news has been forced to resort to lie tactics in order create stories that shock viewers into watching. News has become nothing more than factual ENTERTAINMENT. For example, ABCs news program Primetime Live did a feature story on the South Carolina based Food Lion, which stated that the grocery chain was selling tainted meat, cheese that had been nawed upon by rats, produce which was taken from the dumpster, and fish which had been bleached in order to return the natural white color; however, ABC used trickery in order to obtain the package. The lead was originally developed from a friend of segment producer Lynne Dale. The friend was the UFCW (United Food and Commercial Workers Union) spokesman Neal Lattimore. The information was supplied through a group who served as a middle man. ABC went to a Food Lion armed with hidden cameras in order to obtain some initial evidence. Second, ABC sent three employees Lynne Dale, Susan Barnett, and an Photographer to apply for jobs using forged references, supplied by UFCW. Here is the err with ABC. Their use of false information directly infringes upon a companies trust with employees, furthermore, many applications require a signature that bonds all information to the employee. Their second mistake was using information supplied by a union who according to Marc Gunther and Henry Goldblatt was already at arms with Food Lion, because of their persistance to remain NON union. The question that arises, does this justify ABC to lie in order to prove someone elses lie? Sissela Bok would suggest that such practices would be correct if in the interest of the public. To Bok lies can be justified by the cognitive awareness of truth but in order to achieve such aware ness one must seek truthful alternatives (31). She writes: If lies and truthful statements appear to achieve the same result or appear to be as desirable to t he person contemplating lying the lies should be ruled out. And only where a lie is a last resort can one even begin to consider whether or not it is morally justified. (31). She also infers that lying in regards to moral justification can not be exclusive. Such information has to be capable of being made public. We should always balance the consequences with the truth as our parents once taught us too. She describes paternal/maternal lying as justifyable if it someway helps to prevent the child from being injured. Such lies are created in order to PROTECT the innocent. Her stand becomes redundantly clear in Lying. Lies CAN be justified if the need, outweighs the consequences, but by no means however, does she agree with lying, in fact she appauls it. I hope to have shown how often the justifications they invoke are insubstantial, and how they can disguise and fuel all other wrongs. Trust and integrity are precious resourses, easily squandered, hard to regain (248). As aforementioned, Bok would suggest that such lying is justifiable in order to save a life; however, I find that ABC was surely more interested with ratings as opposed to public care, although their image would suggest it. Modern news is a huge publicity battle. Whomever produces the better LIFE SAVING snippit wins the advertising. ABCs approach by no means justifies there actions. They chose not to sample the foods and run quality control checks on them, nor did they research the health boards recent ratings. Instead they entered into the situation lie first. Bok states that moral justification cannot be exclusive, it has to be made public, none of which ABC did. The information and package were filmed in Spring

Corporate Governance in Financial Services Essay

Corporate Governance in Financial Services - Essay Example The board of directors stands at the top of the organizational hierarchy. The role and responsibility played by the board act in the best interest of all stakeholders. This means that the board is the highest body that represents the interests of all the stakeholders in an organization. In the banking sector, the board of directors plays more or less the same role and responsibility. Specifically, the board supervises, monitors, and controls corporate officers, and also handles major decisions that relate to organizational operations. In the light of corporate governance, board effectiveness is critical both in the short run and long run. The subject of board effectiveness in corporate governance is provided for by the Combined Code on Corporate governance. Bank failure and the subsequent financial crisis in the UK can be explained through boards’ failure to be effective and efficient. Monitoring of executives in the banking sector was poor in the period preceding banking crisis in the UK. Many boards in the sector failed to discharge their duties and responsibilities accordingly. The implication was that banks were caught unaware of the underlying risks of poor board management. The board of directors sets strategic aims, provides entrepreneurial leadership, ensure understanding and realization of organizational obligations to stakeholders, and reviews/manages organizational performance (Adams, 2003, p.723). These aspects of the board’s role were poorly discharged and managed, resulting in failed corporate governance practices. UK banks were adversely affected by this failure due to the fact that they failed to realize the underlying risks of poorly managed and governed corporates.

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock - Essay Example This song has a speaker just like any other literature. Prufrock is the speaker who effectively addresses a potential lover. He would force the moment to its crisis by hurriedly consummating their relationship, â€Å"Let us go then, ......... Like a patient etherized ......................; The muttering retreats .......................," (Eliot 1). He then eavesdrops what people are saying about him and changes his decision and heart. This makes him to coward back and also reminds him of so much knowledge he has in life and not to "dare," (Eliot 40) mess it up. J. Alfred Prufrock love song is an anguish of an urban or modern man, stroke with a mixture of feelings. These feelings are the ones that best give the tone of the entire song. The tone of the song is loving and desperate at some point. The song is a mixture of emotions. The loving emotion is shown when Prufrock says," Let us go then, you and I" (Eliot 1). This tone is vivid throughout the song and helps bring out the speakers characteristic of being loving. The tone of despair also comes out very strongly. Especially when the speaker realizes that he might lose something that he has been holding on for some good time in memorial. When he says, â€Å"And indeed there will be time to wonder, "Do I dare?" and, "Do I dare?" .Time to turn back and descend the stair, with a bald spot in the middle of my hair† (Eliot 4). The tone also helps in bringing out the speaker’s character that is not expressly brought out in the song.                              This love song is a literary drama that contains the dramatic monolog . This is brought out by the specific utterances of a specific individual, not within the song at a specific moment in time. This is shown by, [They will say: "How his hair is growing thin!"] and [They will say: "But how his arms and legs are thin!"], (Eliot 4). These monologue utterances are also directed to the

Child development Essay Example for Free

Child development Essay The following essay will examine factors that affect a child’s learning and development. All children are distinctive individuals and differ in pattern and timing of maturation, as well as individual personality, learning style, cultural and family background. Each child has its own varying strengths, weaknesses, specific needs and skills. The age of a child is an effective indicator to the sequence of stages of development; however, it is only an estimation of maturation, as the mentioned independent factors will differ from child to child. The stages of development in children aged one to five years include the prenatal period, infancy, toddler stage, and early childhood and cover a plethora of progress in all areas of development. Expected changes in growth take place in all areas of development, particularly in the early years, and these include physical, intellectual, language, emotional, and social development. The first five years of life are crucial for expanding the foundations for learning and development. Research has shown that the developing child is learning to discover, communicate, and extend ideas about how things work. Read more: Factors that influence child development essay The successful progress of these abilities and skills depend largely on a child’s early environment. Parents, teachers, and care providers promote development and learning when they provide experiences that build on and extend the child’s capabilities. However, it is clear from evidence on both sides of the argument that development and learning result from a contribution of both biological factors and environmental factors. Empiricists believe environmental influences shape learning and development, while nativists emphasise inborn, genetic characteristics influence development (Bee, 2006b). Development could be described as an interactive relationship between the inherited qualities of an individual and the external environment. A child’s emotional and social development is shaped by internal influences, for example, a child may be inherently shy or outgoing, however the environment will also influence the child’s social and emotional development, such as successful first relationships, cultural values and how family and peers interact with the child, i. e. the child’s immediate social environment. Cognitive development could be influenced by internal factors. Research has shown that teratogens (legal or illegal drugs), smoking, alcohol consumption can have adverse affects on cognitive development (Bee, 2006 a). A study by Monuteaux, (2006) shows the negative effects of smoking on the development of a child, and there is speculative study that maternal diet and smoking could be causal factors of ADHD (Bakker, 2003). Scarr (1983) summarises the internal and external influences on children’s development, â€Å"Both genes and environments are constituents in the developmental system, but they have different roles. Genes direct the course of human experience, but experiential opportunities are also necessary for development to occur† (Scarr, 1983, pp. 433). It is interesting to consider cognitive development in children and the subsequent affect on learning and behaviour. Piaget was an influential Swiss psychologist who researched cognitive development. Piaget believes cognitive development transpires through a combination of direct experience from one’s environment and an instinctive structure of biological maturation. Piaget suggested individuals are born with intellect to serve as a basic function that assists adaptation to their environment (Shaffer, 1989). His theory proposes that development proceeds through a set of four stages from infancy to adulthood. Piaget believed that the first stage of cognitive development is the sensorimotor stage; this occurs in the first two years of a child’s life and involves infants using motor skills and all the senses, sight, smell, touch etc to explore and gain an understanding of the environment. Preoperational stage progresses from the sensorimotor stage and includes the use of language to understand the environment, images and symbols are also used to represent the environment; this is from two to seven years of age. Piaget believed language is egocentric at this stage. The next stage is termed concrete operations and children begin to use logical thought processes to further their understanding and occurs from ages seven to eleven. Formal Operation is the last stage Piaget believes takes place in cognitive development and it involves the ability to use abstract thought processes. This is from eleven onwards (Shaffer, 1989). The central idea of Piaget’s cognitive theory is the attainment of schemas, and further assimilation and accommodation of these schemas constantly return the child to a state of equilibrium. A schema is any thought or object that one may have experienced and is then organised to aid coherence. Assimilation is the process of adding new information to enhance the understanding of an existing schema, and thus producing a new schema. Accommodation is the adjustment of an existing schema in order to include new information. Equilibration is the term Piaget uses to describe the balance a child reaches when it satisfied with a schema, new information places the child in a state of disequilibrium or imbalance, until, assimilation and accommodation allow equilibration to take place. As with all theories, Piaget was criticised for placing too much emphasis on environment and not considering social interaction as an impacting force (Cohen, 1993). It has also been suggested that children appear to have existing understanding of basic principles, e. g. a study by Gibson and Walk, used a ‘visual cliff’ where a checkerboard pattern continued several feet below a glass table. The test showed that infants as young as 5 months were able to perceive depth, and would not proceed when they reached the end of the ‘cliff’ (Bee, 2006b). This shows that many foundations of cognitive ability are already present and further learning will increase cognitive development. Vygotsky is another central figure in the domain of constructivist theory; however, he differs from Piaget in that Vygotsky places more emphasis on social learning and its effect on cognitive development. His theory focuses on a term he called ‘zone of proximal development’ and defined it as â€Å"the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers† (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86). Vygotsky believed that learning takes place in this zone. The idea of ZPD suggests that cognitive development is established by social learning with capable peers or adults and cooperative analytical skills. In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky stated that development was an intricate lifelong process that could not be defined into stages, but instead is to be examined as a means of development rather than an end. Vygotsky’s theory reflects correlation between learning and development. Newborn children are constantly learning from their experiences and they form understanding from theses experiences, Vygotsky, believes this learning is directly linked to sociocultural perspective. As they grow older, infants readily learn from observation and cooperative learning with peers and adults (Moyles, Miller) The psychodynamic approach addresses children’s learning by focusing on internal mechanisms, such as instincts, conflicts and unconscious forces. A familiar idea of this theory is that unconscious as well as conscious forces regulate behaviour. Freud suggested three intuitive drives for survival, the sexual drive to reproduce the human race, hunger and pain trigger the instinct to preserve one’s life and aggressive drives are the third force. Freud’s theory is criticised on many accounts, mostly that he suggests the main underlying cause of problems are sexually related, and secondly it is scientifically difficult to measure the hidden unconscious of a being. Freud’s theory implies that children learn behaviour through the progress of three stages. The newborn and infant are driven by what he termed the id; this is an inborn instinct, which demands instant gratification. As the child grows older, it learns that it cannot achieve instant gratification all the time, and the ego develops as an intermediary pacifier, which takes social contexts into consideration and delays gratification. The superego is the higher form of moral reasoning and is often considered as a parental restrictor, this last stage develops much later in development (Bee, 2006b). It can be seen how Freud’s theory affects social and emotional development and behaviour in the first five years, as most children at this age are controlled by the id and the developing ego. Erikson’s theory is often viewed as an extension of Freud’s psychosexual theory of Development. Erikson suggests that development progresses over a lifespan and he portrays this in his theory of the eight stages of psychosocial development. His theory proposes that each stage has a conflict within it that must be resolved before proceeding to the next stage; each stage presents the opportunity for success or failure. The first three stages are relevant in the first five years of a child’s life and include emotional, social and cognitive development on behaviour acquisition. The first stage is trust versus mistrust and takes place in the period of the first two years of infancy; this stage propounds an emotional crisis in which the child must successfully develop trust and security and emotional well-being. If the care provider does not reciprocate emotional care positively the child becomes mistrustful. Once the child has learned trust, it advances to the next stage of autonomy versus shame, and approximately takes place in early childhood. This stage concentrates on the child’s ability to develop confidence and a sense of independence. Children at this age (approximately two to four years) begin to manage small parts of their lives, and Erikson suggests toilet training is a huge feat in establishing independence in a child. It also consists of decision-making and choice over things like food, clothes etc, if a child is unsuccessful in this stage then it leads to shame and a feeling of inadequacy. The third stage occurs from about three to five years of age, and incorporates the child’s ability to play and develop social skills of leadership or subordination, power and a sense of self. If the child cannot overcome the crisis then inhibition, fear and a prolonged development are the result. The successful child proceeds to the next stage and so forth (Brain 2005) The humanistic perspective argues that behaviour is subjective as individuals determine and control their own thoughts and actions. Maslow hypothesised a hierarchy of need, in which each level of the hierarchy had to be satisfied before the human need moved on to the next level. For example, according to Maslow’s hierarchy it is not perceived that an individual would desire the comfort of a spouse or children, if basic physiological needs such as food and water were not satisfied (Bee 2006a). Children develop and learn most productively in the environment of a community where they are safe and valued, and their emotional and physiological needs fulfilled. If physical nourishment is transpiring then Maslow’s theory depicts emotional well-being as an important factor, certainly all aspects of development are influenced by successfully accomplishing positive first relationships. This provides the constructive foundation for effective social and emotional development, which will inadvertently affect cognitive development as well. Skinner constructed a theory he termed operant conditioning, and based it on the notion that learning is a means of behaviour modification. His experiments show how he conditioned rats to pull a lever to release food, the incentive for the rats was the food and the required behaviour was pulling the lever. The theory illustrates that changes in behaviour are the consequences of an individual’s reaction to incentives that occur in any given environment; subsequently the reaction will produce an outcome. When a specific response is reinforced, behaviour is conditioned, and the individual will respond to a stimulus to achieve its incentive; the result will be consistent each time. The crucial aspect of Skinner’s model is reinforcement, a particular behaviour can be acquired through reward, and certain behaviours prevented through punishment (Brain, 2005). Skinner’s theory belongs to the Behaviourist approach and is effective in explaining some of the causes and modifications of behaviour; it is often used in schools to elicit particular behaviours from children (usually in the form of sweets or stickers). Social learning theory clarifies behaviour in terms of consistent equal correlation between cognitive, behavioural, and environmental influences. Social learning theory has four main components, attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation, which cover physical, cognitive and behavioural development. Attention requires concentration so that the events are observed accurately. Retention includes the intellectual organization of information in order to store it effectively in the memory and remember the correct processes of events. Motor reproduction includes the physical ability to imitate the behaviour, for example, a human is not physically able to fly like superman. Motivation involves the child to be willing and motivated to imitate the behaviour. The observed consequences of a particular behaviour (whether punished or rewarded) may influence a child’s decision to imitate or not, Bandura called this modeling (Brain 205) One of the famous experiments conducted by Albert Bandura, known as the ‘Bobo doll’ experiment revealed that children imitated aggressive physical and verbal behaviour towards the dolls, exactly as they had observed, whereas the children who observed non-aggressive behaviour displayed practically no aggressive behaviour (Shaffer, 1989). Bandura suggests that social behaviour is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others. Children are often observed imitating adults in role-play. Punishment and reward are also influences on behavioural development as mentioned in Skinner’s theory, for example, a child may observe a peer being rewarded with a sticker for tidying up and then learn that to obtain a sticker s/he must also tidy up. This theory facilitates an understanding of how behaviour is acquired and how it may be modified. John Bowlby developed attachment theory and he suggested that first relationships are the basis for young childrens development, predominantly their social and emotional development. Bowlby (1979: 129) states â€Å" attachment behaviour is held to characterize human beings from the cradle to the grave†; much of Bowlby’s work was on the maternal bond that develops with a child. He believed that the connection between mother and child, or caregiver and child has a basic gentle and evolutionary basis, in order for the child to receive appropriate care, protection and nourishment; it has a tendency to maintain nearness to the main caregiver. Bowlby maintained that a child displays attachment behaviour when separated from the main care provider, first as protest, then despair and finally as detachment. First relationships can be summarised as â€Å"a deeply rooted motivational system that ensures close contact between babies and adult caregivers who can protect, nurture, and guide their development† (Shonkoff, 2000, p 230). Bowlby expanded and utilised various research to support his theory, one of his early works included research on delinquent adolescents and discovered maternal deprivation to be a recurring matter. Michael Rutter (1981) criticized Bowlby’s theory, and suggested that early experiences cannot be held as direct underlying causes for later emotional distress, Rutter believed it is more significant how children are looked after in the period of severance not the actual severance itself (Cowie, 2002). Bowlby introduced three stages of attachment, during the first pre-attachment phase (0-2 months) babies do not develop a particular attachment, and are content to be cared for by anyone. In the second phase (2-7 months) babies show a firm attachment to the main caregiver and cling to this figure when in the presence of a stranger, Bowlby termed this ‘stranger fear’. The last phase is around two years of age and is labelled separation anxiety, the infant is confident to move away from the main caregiver provided they remain physically present for the child to return to Brain (2005). Bowlby suggested that constant loving care and nurturing was essential during the crucial phase between approximately 6 months and 3 years of age, maternal deprivation or separation from the primary caregiver would result in considerable detrimental effects on social and emotional development of the child (Cowie, 2002). Harlow and Harlow’s famous experiment on Rhesus monkeys provided support to Bowlby’s theory (Bowlby, 1973). In these experiments, young monkeys were separated from their mother shortly after birth. Two wire monkeys were substituted as artificial surrogate mothers. The first monkey was made of wire mesh and provided food; however, the second monkey was covered with foam and cloth and only provided comfort. The young monkeys nursed at the wire monkey but sought contact with the cloth monkey. The experiment showed that infants need a mother’s love and comfort, and it proved that infants prefer proximity and comfort from a mother, rather than just using the mother for nourishment. The young monkeys clutched to the soft cloth doll and explored more when in the presence of the soft cloth doll, and the doll seemed to provide them with a sense of security. Infants reared without normal social interaction with other monkeys, displayed either fearful or aggressive behaviour and the effects were apparent from two years of age, well into adulthood (Brain 2005). The experiment portrayed the importance of warmth, love and comfort that a nurturing mother or primary carer provides is essential for intellectual, social and emotional development. Mary Ainsworth’s research was based on an experiment to observe attachment behaviour between a child and the primary caregiver (usually the mother) the experiment is known as the strange situation. The procedure involves a child playing in a room, meanwhile the caregiver and stranger alternately enter and leave the room, the child’s play behaviour and responses to caregiver and stranger are observed. The experiment placed children in four categories of attachment, secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant and disorganized. Attachment theorists are realizing that children differ from birth, but individual personalities and development are influenced by social experience, environment, and the attachment relationship is affected by the characteristics of both child and caregiver (Parkes, 1993) Cultural differences in child-rearing practices have various implications and meanings across cultures. Culture defines a set of beliefs and patterns of behaviour; this can be in a social, religious, societal or ethnic context. Culture clearly has an influence on the development of children, Edwards and Gandini (1989) point out that culture organises and translates children’s behaviour and development (Hinde, 1993). â€Å"To understand development we must come to terms with the ways in which individuals, in developing their own self-concepts and participating in social relationships, both shape and are shaped by their social and cultural environment† (Hinde, 1993). In a research paper Reebye, (2006) found various studies on cultural differences in child rearing and the impact this had on child development. Chen et al. (1998) studied reticent behaviour in Chinese and Canadian children and the child-rearing attitudes of the relative mothers. The results showed that Chinese babies were significantly more withdrawn and shy than their Canadian counterparts, and the underlying cause of this behaviour difference lay in parental styles and attitudes. Taciturn behaviour was positively associated with the Chinese mother’s approval, whereas the Canadian mothers negatively received it, which implies a variation of the connotation of behaviour inhibition across both cultures (Reebye, 2006). Another example Reebye (2006) presents is a study conducted by Marcovitchet al (1997) which assessed the development, attachment and behavioural problems in adopted Romanian orphans between three to five years of age. The study revealed that children who had spent less time I institutional car displayed better development outcomes and more securely attached compared to the group of children who had spent more than six months in institutional care. The latter group were insecurely attached and scored less on development outcomes. The disadvantage of cross-cultural studies is the limitations of the range of studies in measuring attitudes, beliefs, cultural practices etc. Reebye (2006) continues to describe the importance of relationship development and its effects on affective, cognitive, social development and moral and ethical attitudes. Child-rearing practices and attachment directly influence these developmental factors, and it is important to remember that parenting practices are in turn influenced by social and cultural traditions. †The factors such as parental intuition, parental attitudes, attributions and beliefs, learned parenting skills, accepted cultural and societal parenting norms, family factors, and environmental factors such as extended family support, poverty or unemployment are the most influential ones. Each of these or all collectively, can be considered from a cross-cultural perspective. † (Reebye 2006). In today’s modern and often changing world, many cultures also change and adapt, from generation to generation. Changes in societal norms, immigration and such alike affect child-rearing practice considerably, such single parenting is a common family structure, yet in the Victorian times was extremely rare and frowned upon, other changes include inter-racial adoptions, parenting by same sex couples, use of surrogate mothers etc. It can be suggested that children’s social, emotional and cognitive development is indisputably influenced by environmental factors, genetic compositions, attachment and first relationship, cultural traditions and this is reflected in their unique personalities and behaviour. â€Å"In general, there is a need to understand multiple outcomes of child development (cognitive, physical, social, and emotional) within the context of multiple factors (social, economic, cultural, and community-level)† (The National Institute of Health, 2006). The first five years are important to understand the influences and causal links of child development in the early years. This may facilitate children’s well-being and ensure that government policies regarding children are reflective of child development needs, in particular families living in poverty or deprived areas. For example, quality of schools and education will affect cognitive development, and racial, gender, and religious integration will have positive effects on social development. It can be inferred that positive emotional development underpins all other areas of development, and if emotional development is defective then it will be replicated across other areas of development. In essence, all areas of development are interwoven and interdependent. The first five years are crucial for positive development, basic needs such as food, sleep and safety ensures good physical development, providing love, comfort and positive first relationships and attachments is essential to assist emotional development, which will also helps social development, and the correct stimulation and interaction ensures healthy cognitive development. REFERENCES Bakker, S. C. Van Der Meulen, E. M. Buitelaar, J. K. Sandkuijl, L. A. Pauls, D. L. Monsuur, A. J. Vant Slot, R. Minderaa. R. B. Gunning, W. B. Pearson, P. L. Sinke, R. J. (2003) â€Å"A Whole-Genome Scan in 164 Dutch Sib Pairs with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Suggestive Evidence for Linkage on Chromosomes 7p and 15q† American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 72, pp. 1251-1260 Bee, H. (2006a) Lifespan Development, Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc Bee, H. (2006b) The Developing Child, Boston, MA: Parson Education, Inc Bowlby, J. (1973) Separation: Anxiety Anger. Vol. 2 of Attachment and loss London: Hogarth Press; New York: Basic Books; Harmondsworth: Penguin Brain, C and Mukherjee, P. (2005) Understanding Child Psychology, Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd Cohen, D. (1993) The Development of Play, 2nd edition. London: Routledge Cowie, H. (2002) ‘Child Care and Attachment’ in Barnes, P (Ed), Personal, Social and Emotional Development of Children Milton Keynes: Blackwell Publishers Ltd Hinde, R and Hinde, J. (1993) ‘Perspectives on Attachment’ in Parkes, C. M. (Editor), Attachment Across the Life Cycle, Florence, KY, USA: Routledge http://site. ebrary. com/lib/uclan Monuteaux, M. C. Blacker, D. Biederman, J. Fitzmaurice, G and Buka, S. L. (2006) â€Å"Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring overt and covert conduct problems: a longitudinal study† Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol. 47, No. 9, pp. 883–890 National Institute of Health. (2006) The science and Ecology Of Early Development (SEED), http://grants. nih. gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-04-113. html Reebye, P. N, Ross. S. E and Jamieson. K (2006) A Literature review of the child-Parent/ Caregiver attachment theory and Cross-Cultural Practices influencing attachment, www. attachmentacrosscultures. org/research/#1: accessed on 19/12/2006 Scarr, S. , K. McCartney. (1983) ‘How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype-environment effects’, Child Development, Vol. 54, pp 425-35. Shaffer, D. R. (1989) Developmental Psychology, Childhood and Adolescence, 2nd Edition, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Shonkoff, J. P. (2000) From Neurons to Neighbourhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press, http://site. ebrary. com/lib/uclan/ Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind and society: The development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

Atticus Finch is a man who fought for what he believed in. He stood up for what he thought was right not what the rest of the town thought. Atticus was real brave for defending Tom Robinson in court, he knew a lot of people would get mad and try to hurt him, but Atticus stood up for what he believed in. Atticus had a lot of courage he was the only man in town that would fight for Tom Robinson, because he knew it was wrong to accuse him of something he did not do. I think Atticus knew that Tom Robinson did not have a great chance of wining the case, but he tried to do the best that he could to prove that Tom Robinson was innocent. I think that Atticus is in some way the town’s spokesmen, there is a lot of people in town that have the same views on racism as Atticus but, they were scared to admit it. The town knows that Atticus is right but no one wants to agree with him because they are scared for there own selves, that’s why I think Atticus is very courageous he is not scared in admitting that he is not a racist, and that he will try to prove that Tom Robinson is innocent. Atticus believed that everyone is equal. He believed that all races should be treated the same no matter what. I think that Atticus was real frustrated with the town’s racial beliefs. Atticus was a great man because, he could decide what was wrong and what’s right, something that the rest of the town had trouble doing. Atticus had convinced the jury that Tom Robinson was innocent, that’s why it took them so long to make there decision, but in the end there was no way that the jury was going to believe a black man over a white man. I think what Miss Maudie said was very correct â€Å" well, we’re making a step-it’s just a baby step, but it’s a step†,(216) that’s what she said after the trial, what she means is that the town will not start to except blacks overnight, but slowly the town is starting to understand that being black does not make you a bad person. The town new that the Ewell’s were a bunch of liars, but they couldn’t chose a black man over a whit man, so Miss Maudie is saying someday they will. â€Å"Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit ‘em but remember it’s a sin to kill a

Enhancing Democracy in the United States of America Essay

Democracy: â€Å"1 a: government by the people ; especially : rule of the majority b: a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections 2: a political unit that has a democratic government† (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary) With the 2008 elections fast approaching, and a highly fueled and hotly contested primary and general election campaign waning, the public is forced to consider the problems and opportunities in the American democratic system. Is there something wrong with the democratic system in the United States of America? If so, what? If there is a problem with democracy in America, what is it and how can it be fixed? The United States of America was born of an act of legislation designed to promote democracy. The United States has developed into a world superpower by enacting and enforcing legislation designed to enhance democracy. Today, legislation is passed by elected officials who then vote in national, state, and local legislative assemblies. In other words, voting and the electoral system, is the catalyst for maintaining democracy. The United States can improve democracy by improving the voting system that facilitates the democratic process. Federally mandated voter registration Today, many men are the beneficiaries of laws enacted giving their mothers the right to vote. All ethnic minorities are the beneficiaries of laws enacted giving African-Americans the right to vote. Voter registration is still optional, and considered a privilege. But now is the time to make voter registration a responsibility of all American citizens. Voter registration should be treated like Selective Service registration, a must for those who wish to receive any other benefits of citizenship including financial aid and government employment. It is not difficult to keep track of eligible voters, especially in this information age where all children are issued a social security number at birth. This process can be as simple as using the existing social security system to send registrations to those who have reached their 18th birthday and maintaining a national database similar to the social security and selective service rolls. Enforcement can be as simple as cross referencing social security numbers for registration upon application for jobs, financial aid, and public assistance. Compliance can be mandated by withholding benefits pending registration. This is a minimal effort and may not increase voter participation. But this registration plan could eliminate most existing barriers to voter registration. Federal authority over state and local elections This idea expands on the idea of the federal registration system. The Federal Elections Commission already exists. With electronic voting and reporting, federal authorities should require that all state and local elections comply with the same guidelines as national elections. This would work by applying residency requirements to both congressional elections and local elections. In other words, a person registered, residing, receiving benefits in Idaho cannot register to vote in local elections in Columbus, Georgia. This simply uses the wealth of electronic information captured on citizens to manage voting. This system would have to also account for citizens with multiple residences by requiring that everyone declare a primary residence which would be the location for their voting. If they know that they will be in a secondary residence at election time, the registration system should allow them to easily request absentee balloting which could be completed by mail or turned in at a local agency of the federal board of election. Citizen assemblies control re-districting activities Legislative assemblies and committees currently control political re-disctricting plans. In other words, elected officials decide when and how (and if) voters want, need, and get additional elected officials. Rapid economic development causes some districts to grow and change materially and demographically such that a single elected official cannot effectively serve the interests of the entire district. In that case citizens should have the right to send a message, at the voting booth, that they need additional representation. A citizen assembly should bring together elected and public officials, urban and economic planners, and affected citizens together to draw districting plans that represent the interests of all parties without compromising a sitting official’s position or ignoring a constituent’s special needs. A series of re-districting alternatives can be placed on the ballot for voters to decide. Voter responsibility education Schools should be required to include a course that teaches voting rights and responsibility as part of a social studies, American government, and civics curriculum. This course should be repeated at the university level to account for foreign students that will eventually become United States citizens. For older Americans who are beyond the educational system and for older immigrants, community based programs should be implemented that instill that voter registration is a responsibility of citzenship, not just an optional right or privilege. Tax deductible campaign donations Public financing for campaigns is generally not a tangible benefit for lower income voters. Many may see public financing as a way for candidates who do not have their interests in mind to advance their campaigns. Allowing federal and local tax deductions for small campaign donations can help to decrease feelings of disenfranchisement of lower income voters. They have the opportunity to directly support the candidate or issue of choice, and receive a ture public benefit (both the donation and the deduction). This could replace the current system and be managed at the federal level as well. Conclusion The United States can enhance democracy by modifying its election system. By placing activities such as deciding on political districts and adding value to campaign donations, voters are enfranchised in a greater way. Education makes citizens understand the benefits of voting. Consolidating the registration and polling makes the system as fair and not subject to less error. References democracy. (2008). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved October 13, 2008, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/democracy Gerkin, H. , et al. (2006). Six Ways to Reform Democracy. Boston Review, September/October 2006. Retrieved October 13, 2008, from http://bostonreview. net/BR31. 5/gerken. php

The Priest s Halloween Sermon - 841 Words

I forced myself to think about the priest’s Halloween sermon. It was during that sermon that I experienced my first vison. I was watching the red and blue colors of the stained glass window. In the window was a boatload of apostles. Suddenly, I felt that the fishermen were in need of assistance and found myself standing on the shore of a river in the woodlands near the church. An old fisherman in need of a haircut whittled a twig as he stood a few paces to my right. I tried to tell him that I feared there were fishermen in trouble out on the water, but the old man seemed oblivious to my concern. Under a broadleaf canopy, I heard a distant tremble. A bank of ground fog approached us. I smelled pipe tobacco and fish odors. I looked at the†¦show more content†¦I knew my vision was real. I remembered the stain in Vern’s vest came from years of placing his cherry wood pipe in his waistcoat pocket. I remembered my aunt telling me that Welsh twins made the best fisher men because they spent nine months together in the womb. Their brains grew as one, and from birth the twins acted identically. This commonality made it easier to twins to create a figure eight-shaped wake and fill their nets with fish. Outside the church, I filled my pipe, and as I smoked, I watched the parking lot traffic disappear. I asked myself, am I mentally unstable. Did the fisherman stand for my platoon? Was Vern really Bao? I made my way to my aunt’s house. Her home smelled of fresh cut pine, and she offered me a cup of coffee with a cinnamon stick in it. I accepted, and we went to the kitchen table and discussed our week. As she talked, I looked out her kitchen table. A small oak grew in the front yard. Snow capped the birdfeeder beside her bird bath. â€Å"The Welsh word for druid is derwydd,† she said. â€Å"Everything I have taught you must be put to memory. â€Å"I know,† I answered, â€Å"You say that every Sunday when I visit you.†  "It is important for you to memorize it. Don’t write it down. The written word can be used against you. We’ve kept our secrets this way for generations.† â€Å"I am memorizing everything you tell me,† I said. â€Å"That is why I repeat myself,† she answered, â€Å"It isShow MoreRelatedWe Must Obey Our Elders17194 Words   |  69 PagesFather’s Love for him, who made a Cloak of many Colors for him: beCause he would become the Father of a Company of many Nations, called the British Empire, upon which the Sun never Sets: beCause it is a Worldwide Empire, which became such during the 1800’s, until this Day, which was Fulfilling the Prophecies that were given concerning him and his Children during the Last Days ― that is, during the Days just before the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, when all Things will be brought to a Climax. Yes, before