To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

Atticus Finch is a man who fought for what he believed in. He stood up for what he thought was right not what the rest of the town thought. Atticus was real brave for defending Tom Robinson in court, he knew a lot of people would get mad and try to hurt him, but Atticus stood up for what he believed in. Atticus had a lot of courage he was the only man in town that would fight for Tom Robinson, because he knew it was wrong to accuse him of something he did not do. I think Atticus knew that Tom Robinson did not have a great chance of wining the case, but he tried to do the best that he could to prove that Tom Robinson was innocent. I think that Atticus is in some way the town’s spokesmen, there is a lot of people in town that have the same views on racism as Atticus but, they were scared to admit it. The town knows that Atticus is right but no one wants to agree with him because they are scared for there own selves, that’s why I think Atticus is very courageous he is not scared in admitting that he is not a racist, and that he will try to prove that Tom Robinson is innocent. Atticus believed that everyone is equal. He believed that all races should be treated the same no matter what. I think that Atticus was real frustrated with the town’s racial beliefs. Atticus was a great man because, he could decide what was wrong and what’s right, something that the rest of the town had trouble doing. Atticus had convinced the jury that Tom Robinson was innocent, that’s why it took them so long to make there decision, but in the end there was no way that the jury was going to believe a black man over a white man. I think what Miss Maudie said was very correct â€Å" well, we’re making a step-it’s just a baby step, but it’s a step†,(216) that’s what she said after the trial, what she means is that the town will not start to except blacks overnight, but slowly the town is starting to understand that being black does not make you a bad person. The town new that the Ewell’s were a bunch of liars, but they couldn’t chose a black man over a whit man, so Miss Maudie is saying someday they will. â€Å"Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit ‘em but remember it’s a sin to kill a

Enhancing Democracy in the United States of America Essay

Democracy: â€Å"1 a: government by the people ; especially : rule of the majority b: a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections 2: a political unit that has a democratic government† (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary) With the 2008 elections fast approaching, and a highly fueled and hotly contested primary and general election campaign waning, the public is forced to consider the problems and opportunities in the American democratic system. Is there something wrong with the democratic system in the United States of America? If so, what? If there is a problem with democracy in America, what is it and how can it be fixed? The United States of America was born of an act of legislation designed to promote democracy. The United States has developed into a world superpower by enacting and enforcing legislation designed to enhance democracy. Today, legislation is passed by elected officials who then vote in national, state, and local legislative assemblies. In other words, voting and the electoral system, is the catalyst for maintaining democracy. The United States can improve democracy by improving the voting system that facilitates the democratic process. Federally mandated voter registration Today, many men are the beneficiaries of laws enacted giving their mothers the right to vote. All ethnic minorities are the beneficiaries of laws enacted giving African-Americans the right to vote. Voter registration is still optional, and considered a privilege. But now is the time to make voter registration a responsibility of all American citizens. Voter registration should be treated like Selective Service registration, a must for those who wish to receive any other benefits of citizenship including financial aid and government employment. It is not difficult to keep track of eligible voters, especially in this information age where all children are issued a social security number at birth. This process can be as simple as using the existing social security system to send registrations to those who have reached their 18th birthday and maintaining a national database similar to the social security and selective service rolls. Enforcement can be as simple as cross referencing social security numbers for registration upon application for jobs, financial aid, and public assistance. Compliance can be mandated by withholding benefits pending registration. This is a minimal effort and may not increase voter participation. But this registration plan could eliminate most existing barriers to voter registration. Federal authority over state and local elections This idea expands on the idea of the federal registration system. The Federal Elections Commission already exists. With electronic voting and reporting, federal authorities should require that all state and local elections comply with the same guidelines as national elections. This would work by applying residency requirements to both congressional elections and local elections. In other words, a person registered, residing, receiving benefits in Idaho cannot register to vote in local elections in Columbus, Georgia. This simply uses the wealth of electronic information captured on citizens to manage voting. This system would have to also account for citizens with multiple residences by requiring that everyone declare a primary residence which would be the location for their voting. If they know that they will be in a secondary residence at election time, the registration system should allow them to easily request absentee balloting which could be completed by mail or turned in at a local agency of the federal board of election. Citizen assemblies control re-districting activities Legislative assemblies and committees currently control political re-disctricting plans. In other words, elected officials decide when and how (and if) voters want, need, and get additional elected officials. Rapid economic development causes some districts to grow and change materially and demographically such that a single elected official cannot effectively serve the interests of the entire district. In that case citizens should have the right to send a message, at the voting booth, that they need additional representation. A citizen assembly should bring together elected and public officials, urban and economic planners, and affected citizens together to draw districting plans that represent the interests of all parties without compromising a sitting official’s position or ignoring a constituent’s special needs. A series of re-districting alternatives can be placed on the ballot for voters to decide. Voter responsibility education Schools should be required to include a course that teaches voting rights and responsibility as part of a social studies, American government, and civics curriculum. This course should be repeated at the university level to account for foreign students that will eventually become United States citizens. For older Americans who are beyond the educational system and for older immigrants, community based programs should be implemented that instill that voter registration is a responsibility of citzenship, not just an optional right or privilege. Tax deductible campaign donations Public financing for campaigns is generally not a tangible benefit for lower income voters. Many may see public financing as a way for candidates who do not have their interests in mind to advance their campaigns. Allowing federal and local tax deductions for small campaign donations can help to decrease feelings of disenfranchisement of lower income voters. They have the opportunity to directly support the candidate or issue of choice, and receive a ture public benefit (both the donation and the deduction). This could replace the current system and be managed at the federal level as well. Conclusion The United States can enhance democracy by modifying its election system. By placing activities such as deciding on political districts and adding value to campaign donations, voters are enfranchised in a greater way. Education makes citizens understand the benefits of voting. Consolidating the registration and polling makes the system as fair and not subject to less error. References democracy. (2008). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved October 13, 2008, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/democracy Gerkin, H. , et al. (2006). Six Ways to Reform Democracy. Boston Review, September/October 2006. Retrieved October 13, 2008, from http://bostonreview. net/BR31. 5/gerken. php

The Priest s Halloween Sermon - 841 Words

I forced myself to think about the priest’s Halloween sermon. It was during that sermon that I experienced my first vison. I was watching the red and blue colors of the stained glass window. In the window was a boatload of apostles. Suddenly, I felt that the fishermen were in need of assistance and found myself standing on the shore of a river in the woodlands near the church. An old fisherman in need of a haircut whittled a twig as he stood a few paces to my right. I tried to tell him that I feared there were fishermen in trouble out on the water, but the old man seemed oblivious to my concern. Under a broadleaf canopy, I heard a distant tremble. A bank of ground fog approached us. I smelled pipe tobacco and fish odors. I looked at the†¦show more content†¦I knew my vision was real. I remembered the stain in Vern’s vest came from years of placing his cherry wood pipe in his waistcoat pocket. I remembered my aunt telling me that Welsh twins made the best fisher men because they spent nine months together in the womb. Their brains grew as one, and from birth the twins acted identically. This commonality made it easier to twins to create a figure eight-shaped wake and fill their nets with fish. Outside the church, I filled my pipe, and as I smoked, I watched the parking lot traffic disappear. I asked myself, am I mentally unstable. Did the fisherman stand for my platoon? Was Vern really Bao? I made my way to my aunt’s house. Her home smelled of fresh cut pine, and she offered me a cup of coffee with a cinnamon stick in it. I accepted, and we went to the kitchen table and discussed our week. As she talked, I looked out her kitchen table. A small oak grew in the front yard. Snow capped the birdfeeder beside her bird bath. â€Å"The Welsh word for druid is derwydd,† she said. â€Å"Everything I have taught you must be put to memory. â€Å"I know,† I answered, â€Å"You say that every Sunday when I visit you.†  "It is important for you to memorize it. Don’t write it down. The written word can be used against you. We’ve kept our secrets this way for generations.† â€Å"I am memorizing everything you tell me,† I said. â€Å"That is why I repeat myself,† she answered, â€Å"It isShow MoreRelatedWe Must Obey Our Elders17194 Words   |  69 PagesFather’s Love for him, who made a Cloak of many Colors for him: beCause he would become the Father of a Company of many Nations, called the British Empire, upon which the Sun never Sets: beCause it is a Worldwide Empire, which became such during the 1800’s, until this Day, which was Fulfilling the Prophecies that were given concerning him and his Children during the Last Days ― that is, during the Days just before the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, when all Things will be brought to a Climax. Yes, before

The Drama of the Gifted Child The Search for the True Self Free Essay Example, 1250 words

A sense of isolation affects the adult who had a traumatized childhood to develop a defense mechanism. They alienate themselves from some evens and always feel safe in certain groups as was the case of the ‘loyal Slave’ (Miller, 2007 Pg 59). The natural self identification process that child is normally content with is what a traumatized child will lack growing up. a normal child is guided by taboos and parents guidance but for the traumatized child he will be guided by a feel of revenge(Miller, 2007). Question 3 The healing may be difficult patient and commitment is what is needed. But the other suggests that the only help one can get is by overcoming his past fear. Their notion about life has to change a childhood perception replace. The obstacles in life have to be overcome by replacing the patient superego with reality and an attitude to accept others (Miller, 2007 Pg 102). Correcting a patient’s fate may be hard to change but the healing process should involve the victim perception and reasoning towards their recovery be expressed in order to avoid Correcting a patient’s fate may be hard to change but the healing process should involve the victim perception and reasoning towards their recovery be expressed in order to avoid their childhood feelings of depression, emptiness and self- alienated that despises life affecting their parenthood future. The nature of abuse may vary and the effect on the psyche of those affected usually takes a while before they register full recove ry. We will write a custom essay sample on The Drama of the Gifted Child: The Search for the True Self or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The person victimized should create an atmosphere where their children should not feel victimized. The acceptations of the inner sensation are what will be used to evaluate the healing process. Loving and friendly new environments are what will gauge the patients healing process. Miller (2007), states that emotional acceptance is important as it reduces the levels of illusions that prevents the affected parties from healing. Question 4 The childhood atrocities are not reversible as they occur at an earlier age of their lives. They do hunt them to their adulthood and affect their lives. Those involved in their traumatizing events usually form part of their lives. They include their parents and immediate families, the process of self identification occurs later on in life but the past always affects the way the persons involved think and at. Miller (2007) expresses how the parents exposes a child to loneliness and wonders if at all the process will ever be overcome. The continued ignorance by parents usually affects this irreversible trauma an individual is exposed to while still a child.

Media Analysis Essay - 864 Words

Natasha DeBoard CWV-101 June 27, 2013 Daniel Diffey Media Worldview Analysis I have chosen the movie Signs to do my worldview analysis on. First, I will discuss the worldviews that the main characters in the movie have. I will then answer the question of if the characters were true to their worldviews. I will also discuss the obstacles that the main characters faced that deterred the character or characters from living out their worldview. Lastly, I will describe mental, emotional, or spiritual reactions I had to the movie as well as explain if I agree or disagree with the worldview present in the movie. I will start by saying that the main character had a Christian worldview but in the beginning of the movie, due to a tragedy in†¦show more content†¦When his son started having his asthma attack he went back to praying and asked God to please not take his son away to. Graham then got his faith back from this experience with his son. After this experience Graham continues to pray in response to the alien spraying the poison gas in his sons face as well as that the inhaler and shot help him pull through. At the end of the movie it shows that Graham goes back to being a priest and starts living out his Christian worldview again. With that being said, I will now discuss the obstacle in the main character, Graham’s, life that caused him to avoid staying true to his Christian worldview. This obstacle was the loss of his wife. The death of Graham’s wife was not only hard for him because he lost her but because of how traumatic the accident was. This caused Graham to g ive up on his Christian faith and not believe in God at all. After the accident Graham stopped being a priest and stopped praying as well. This is why I know that it was the loss of his wife in particular that caused Graham to stop living out his Christian worldview. Lastly, I will now discuss the emotional, mental, and spiritual reactions I personally had about the movie. I felt very saddened over the loss of Graham’s wife because I could not even begin to know how awful it would be to lose a spouse. I also found it very sad to watch the children deal with the loss of their mother. The moment at the dinnerShow MoreRelatedEssay on Media Analysis5267 Words   |  22 PagesMedia Analysis ‘Media’ is the plural of the word ‘medium’, which often refers to different ways of communicating with other people; if the target is a large number of people, then it is called ‘mass media’. There are many types of media, such as TV, radio, films, newspaper, Internet etc. The main purpose of media is to entertain; however they can also be used to persuade, inform, explain and advice. Media can be very powerful; therefore people are influenced and affectedRead MoreMedia Text Analysis Essays1168 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay is about to analyse certain media text by using particular semiotic codes. The semiology study in particular is based on theory developed by Saussure and Pierce and means study of the signs in the text. According to Saussure the ‘language is a system of signs that express ideas’ (Saussure 1915/1966 cited in Berger, 2012:7). When media analysis is made it is about to show the relationship between the signs in certain text. Pierce states that everything we do can be seen as sign. AccordingRead MoreMedia Analysis Essay2449 Words   |  10 PagesMedia Report Analysis The New York Times: â€Å"Tata Motors finds success in Jaguar Land Rover† By Vikas Bajaj. Published: August 30, 2012 anas@students.mq.edu.au BBA340 Media Analysis The New York Times: â€Å"Tata Motors finds success in Jaguar Land Rover† By Vikas Bajaj. 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This essay will be lookingRead MoreCritical Analysis: Social Media Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesAnthony Moye ENGL 101 Sec. 5 Fall 2012 They Say / I Say Essay 1 Critical Analysis: Social Media Find me on Twitter, Facebook, and even MySpace, because we are here to change the world so â€Å"follow† me. I have read the writings of Malcolm Gladwell and Dennis Baron to analyze and write about. They have both presented different points and ideas on the significance of social media and how it has affected our world past and present. Gladwell’s essay, â€Å"Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted†Read MoreSociological Analysis of the Media Essay1674 Words   |  7 PagesSociological Analysis of the Media In our society today, control is maintained by the authorities through regulation. In North America, major regulatory systems comprise two main systems of expertise. One is the criminal justice system, which is concerned with what will we do about crime and deviance. The other is the academic system of expertise, which is concerned with why crime and deviance exists. Academic expertise is the type of discourse deployed in the article byRead MoreMedia Analysis of Gender Essay1758 Words   |  8 PagesFirst of all, in The Simpsons, the scene where we get into the actual plot of the story opens with Marge and Lisa walking into a department store that sells dolls. The gender stereotype that girls are only interested in playing with dolls is reinforced here as a huge selection of Malibu Stacy dolls is on display with a throng of screeching, bloodthirsty girls tearing the store apart. Lisa says, â€Å"I’m warning you mom, I might get a little crazy.† and immediately knoc ks down a girl and snatches anotherRead MoreAnalysis of Media Framing of an Article Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pagesout the signified and the framing to which he will place them in to reshape public opinion. In this framing, the Los Angeles Police and the population of the Jordan Downs Housing Complex are the signified. Scheufele and Tewksbury (2007) shows that â€Å"media framing is constructed on the concept of how an issue is portrayed in newspapers can have an influence about the way audience receives the message of the story.† Thus â€Å"macro construct, the term ‘framing’ refers to modes of presentation that journalistsRead MoreEssay about Anth Media Analysis1549 Words   |  7 PagesBones episode analysis, Prisoner in the Pipe Shaina Kimmel University of Maryland University College ANTH 351 Professor Kendra A Kennedy July 22, 2012 â€Æ' Kimmel 2 Bones season 7, episode 7, â€Å"Prisoner in the Pipes† originally aired on April 2, 2012. As the title implies, this episode revolves around the body of what is assumed to be escaped prisoner that turns up in the toilet of an unsuspecting family. The initially recovered remains are brought back to the Jeffersonian whereRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Dominant Ideology in Various Media Texts1060 Words   |  5 PagesStuart Hall has posited that the concepts of individual dream states can be brought on a macroscopic scale to media text. In particular, nightmares of individuals, can be related to the semiological analysis of a given media text in relation to dominant ideology and culture in general. His main points in this are twofold, first is to point out that the more horrible and nightmarish a media scenario (i.e. story) is, the more difficult it is to de-construct the ideological markers that serve as the

An Example of a Great Classification Essay Free Essays

My iTunes Library and How It Defines Me â€Å"New York is more than a tan that you’ll never lose,† this quote is by Lady Gaga, who is one of my favorite singers. Quotes like these are unique. This quote shares uniqueness with the music I listen to, which defines me and my personality. We will write a custom essay sample on An Example of a Great Classification Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now I consider myself to be a very unusual and colorful character. Anyone who didn’t know me should be able to figure out my personality just from listening to the music I own. This is primarily because I listen to a variety of genres when it comes to music. The genres that dominate my â€Å"Top 25 Most Played† playlist are: pop, alternative, electronic, hip-hop, and jazz. Pop music for me isn’t just a genre, it’s a lifestyle. Pop is basically the soundtrack to my life. Whether it’s a night out on the town with my closest friends, recovering from a bad break-up, or needing some encouragement after a rough day; there’s a pop song to be played. And with my iTunes library, there’s never a shortage in pop music. Roughly 60 percent of the 1500 songs in my music library are all pop. The most popular artists I listen to in this genre are: Miley Cyrus, Britney Spears, Selena Gomez, Demi Lovato, Maroon 5, Lady GaGa and Ke$ha. Each of these artists has a different â€Å"persona† when it comes to pop music. Miley Cyrus is the rebellious teen who just wants to have a good time. Some of her songs feature heavy processed vocals, while in other ballads, she shows off those pipes that made her famous. Britney Spears is the pop queen of my generation. She shouldn’t necessarily be classified as a singer because she’s more of a performer. Britney plays the â€Å"Good Girl Gone Bad† role perfectly and she has let us know this since she sang her most infamous lyric â€Å"I’m not that innocent! † Demi and Selena are the pop princesses next door. They never sing anything too risque. Maroon 5 is more of pop-rock, and their music is for one of those rainy days when I’m sad. Ke$ha and Lady GaGa deserve their own branch of pop music because their songs are so exotic compared to other artists. Ke$ha is all about glitter, drugs, and partying. I’m certain every single one of her songs mentions glitter or alcohol. She also â€Å"wakes up in the morning feelin’ like P-Diddy† according to her hit single â€Å"Tik-Tok. † How a Caucasian female can wake up in the morning feeling like an African American male baffles me. Lady GaGa is probably the most talked about pop artist. She manages to out-weird herself at every award show. GaGa is all about accepting one’s self, and singing about topics one would not normally sing about. Topics such as but not limited to: sex, money, homosexuality, rebelliousness, colorful hair, religion, and alcohol have all made appearances in one of GaGa’s hit singles. These ladies are all unique in their own way and they make up the reasons why I love pop music. Alternative or â€Å"Indie† music is for the hipster inside of me. It’s music that can express feelings or emotions that I can’t quite explain. My all-time favorite alternative artist is Florence and The Machine. Her haunting voice looms over every track she sings and it’s truly mesmerizing. My favorite song by Florence is â€Å"What the Water Gave Me† from her latest album Ceremonials. Another band that I feel like belongs in this genre is Fleetwood Mac. Of course, anyone who is superior to me in age may question what I know about Fleetwood Mac. I consider Rumours one of my favorite albums of all time as well as one of the greatest albums ever. â€Å"I Don’t Wanna Know†, â€Å"Dreams†, â€Å"Go Your Own Way†, and â€Å"Songbird† are the standout tracks on this album. Alternative music takes up about 20 percent of my iTunes library. It’s definitely the genre I listen to when I feel like nothing else quite explains what I’m feeling. Electronic music really serves only one purpose in just about anyone’s life: to give them something to dance to. This particular genre of music is mastered by DJ’s who often remix pop or hip-hop songs to their tastes. My favorite DJ is the Frenchman David Guetta. He often produces music for several pop artists and releases the songs on his own compilation album. Electronic music also has a sub-genre that has gained notable fame as of late, Dub-step. Dub-step features heavy bass and synthesizers that make the listener want to contort their body in the strangest fashion. This genre came from Europe and was popularized by Britney Spears in America with her comeback single â€Å"Hold It Against Me. † Electronic and dub-step are also much more popular in Europe than they are in America. I feel like this adds charm to my strange library of music. A rather small amount of charm I might add. I’m rather finicky when it comes to this genre so I only have a few songs in this category. Hip-hop for many members in the local community is a lifestyle. For me, it’s something to listen to when I feel narcissistic. This genre takes up a smaller portion of my iTunes Library because I don’t agree with it all of the time. Hip-hops all about being better than everyone else; and by better I mean being hotter, richer, or more talented than the competition. Some notable artists in this genre that I like are: Mac Miller, Beyonce, Kelly Rowland, and Nicki Minaj. Mac Miller is a relatively new artist in this genre. His first studio album actually came out a week ago. However, his lyrics amuse me and he always has a rather swell beat. Beyonce and Kelly Rowland are the same type of artist. This should not come as a shock considering they both got their start in they girl group Destiny’s Child. They are both all about over-sexualizing one’s self and dancing around in skimpy outfits. Beyonce has branched away from that with her latest album 4 which has more of a soul vibe to it. Nicki Minaj is probably the Lady GaGa of hip-hop. She’s very strange. She raps amazingly fast and takes on several alter-egos as she performs. One of this alter-egos is â€Å"Roman. † Roman speaks in a very deep voice and yells profane things often. He can be heard on Nicki’s single â€Å"Roman’s Revenge. † Jazz music is literally music for the soul. It’s music that when you listen to it, you can feel the singers despair, ecstasy, or remorse. The genre takes its roots in the diverse city of New Orleans so it’s only fitting that I represent my home state with some jazz. The only artist that dominates my most played list in this genre is Amy Winehouse. She had a rather tragic life. Her career was often overshadowed by her troublesome addictions that she eventually succumbed to and ended up losing her life over. However, Amy’s talent shouldn’t be forgotten. She was a singer with remarkably talent. Whenever I listen to her smash record Back to Black I almost feel as if I’ve entered her world and can feel her sorrows. To me, that’s what jazz music is all about. The diverse range of music I listen to represents the unusual character that I am. Pop music represents the fun side to me; alternative music represents the more intelligent side of me; electronic music represents the inner party animal that dwells within; Hip-hop represents the part of me that doesn’t care about others opinions; while jazz represents that part of me that’s unpredictable. All of these genres reside in my iTunes library and that library paints the picture of me. How to cite An Example of a Great Classification Essay, Essays

International Convention Interpretation Law

Question: Discuss about the International Convention Interpretation Law. Answer: Introduction: In this case, there was an agreement between shipping lines for a timetabled transport of containers across the Atlantic between the Northern Europe and the United States about the restrictions that were formulated which were prohibiting an agreement between ship owners which was fixing the price on transport services and the transport capacity system. The applicants of the case wanted the court to nullify the terms of the contract as it was infringing on the rights to fair competition. They presented their facts basing on article 85 of the EC treaty by then. The applicant wanted the annulment of the commissions decision on (EC) 94-980 which was prohibiting the ship owners from fixing the price on their goods and carriage capacity on the programmer that involved the shipping of the containers across the Atlantic Ocean. For an agreement to be effective between Member States there is a requirement that it should meet the requirement of possible foreseeing of a sufficient degree of probability and should also be in line with the objective factor and the law that it has influence in direct or indirect, influential or perpetual. An agreement between the Member States was likely to affect the trade that was going on between them and the defendants choice to conduct a contract that was not in favor of the applicant lead to the issue as the defendants fact were that they did not meet the thresh hold that are stated in article 85(1) of the treaty which is now article 81(1)EC. Which states that the decisions that are made in a contract for trade between member state is likely to affect all of the member states? The agreement was also likely to cause changes that affected the applicants negatively as they were to lose their market area and business if it was to be implemented. Article 85 (1) of the Treaty which is now article 81(1) EC provides that a provision derogating in an exempting regulation must by their nature be strictly interpreted. This applies to the provision that relates to the maritime transport by virtue as its duration is restricted. The possibility of the applicants being able to fix different prices was that they could make it possible to attract different customers into the shipping lines which would be good for their business and the agreement was prohibiting them from doing so. The applicants were basing their facts pursuant to section 173 of the Treaty which is now Article 230 EC. The court reviewed the issue was whether the defendant were misusing their power. The court held that the commission was not supposed to dictate individuals shipping lines unless the parties agree to it and follow the rule in which in this case the applicants did not. The commission limited themselves by applying article 85(3) of the treaty. The argument of the applicants qualified on the exception that was written under Article 12 of regulation No 4056/86. Conclusion The court held that the provisions of an agreement between the shipping lines of the applicant and the defendant were supposed to inform the customers to whom they had concluded contracts with. Failure to do so infringed the treatys competition rules. The court concluded that the commissions decision requiring the applicants to make their customers have a right to renegotiate their agreement was lacking sufficient reasoning for them to make the applicants to follow the contract and amend it with the new rules. References Competition-Agreements, decision and concerned practices-effect on trade between members of states-criteria (EC Treaty, art, 85(1))(now Art.81(1) EC)) Competition-Maritime transport-Regulation No 4056/86-Block exemption-Scope (Council Regulation No 4056/86, Art,3) Common law Definitions- Interpretation-Definition taken from international convention-interpretation with regard to the convention EC, Treaty art.85 (1) now article 81(1) EC: council regulation No 1017/68 Art 11 EC and No 4056/86, Art 11.Oxford University Press Amazon